Some landlords may take the law into their hands by locking the tenant out of the premises or forcibly evicting the tenant. This is illegal, regardless of whether you have lodged a police report or not. Such landlords may have to pay a heavy price for their ignorance of the law because they may be sued by the tenant for trespass. Things could be further complicated if the tenants claim that their valuable assets are lost.

What steps can you take?

1. Sue for recovery of possession  

The law is clear. As the landlord, you would need to obtain a court order to recover possession of the premises from the tenant pursuant to Section 7(2) of the Specific Relief Act 1950. Although the tenancy agreement allows you to recover possession of the premises upon default on rent, you must still obtain a court order.

Before commencing legal action, you should issue a Notice to Quit to the tenant. In the said notice, you should demand that the tenant settle the outstanding sum, restore the premises to its original condition and vacate the premises within a reasonable period. How long is considered “reasonable period”? If there is tenancy agreement, you must follow the notice period as specified in the tenancy agreement. If, however there is no tenancy agreement, or the tenancy agreement has lapsed but the tenant continues to occupy the premises on a monthly basis, you have to give at least one month’s notice to the tenant. The notice period is very important because insufficient notice may render your legal action invalid.

What if the tenant refuses to vacate the premises after the expiry of the Notice to Quit? Pursuant to Section 28(4)(a) of the Civil Law Act 1956, the landlord is entitled to charge double rental against the tenant who is holding over after the determination of tenancy until possession is given up by the tenant.

If the tenant still refuses to budge, you may then proceed to file a civil suit in Court to claim for the outstanding rental, double rental, recovery of possession of the premises and such other appropriate reliefs. After judgment is granted in your favour, you could proceed to apply for writ of possession. The court bailiff will then execute the writ of possession by entering on the premises using such force as may be necessary to take possession for the landlord. This legal proceeding will normally take about 4 to 9 months depending on the complexity of the matter and whether the tenant contests the civil suit.

2. File for writ of distress

Given the lengthy process of the civil suit, you may consider the alternative remedy i.e. writ of distress which recourse is commonly sought by the landlords. This is because the distress proceedings are much faster compared to the civil suit. The distress proceedings will normally take about 3 months. One fantastic feature of this remedy is that the application for writ of distress is to be made ex parte, that is to say, you do not have to inform the tenant after you have filed the distress proceedings. The tenant will only know it when the bailiff comes to the premises and distrains the tenant’s movable properties found on the premises. The tenant will definitely be caught by surprise and would be much eager to settle the rent in arrears or reach an amicable settlement with the landlord.

It is worth noting that distress proceedings are generally not for the recovery of the possession of the premises but to recover the rent in arrears (for a period not exceeding 12 completed months of the tenancy immediately preceding the date of the application). Strictly speaking, the utilities charges in arrears are also not recoverable under distress proceedings. The only instance where the distress order allows the landlord to take possession of the premises is when the premises has been deserted by the tenant. The proof of desertion must be produced.

Distress proceedings are very effective against tenants of shop lots or shophouses. To safeguard the reputation of their business, the tenant would not want their movable properties being seized by the bailiff and sold via auction in front of the premises. Therefore, often, the tenant would approach the landlord for settlement.

During the negotiation for settlement, the landlord can always make delivery of possession as a condition of settlement. If the tenant agrees to deliver possession of the premises, then the landlord is not required to go through a lengthy civil suit to recover possession of the premises. If this does not happen, after the completion of the distress proceedings, the landlord will have to resort to a civil suit to recover possession of the premises. At least, by auctioning the movable properties of the tenant, the landlord would be able to recover some monies in settlement of the outstanding sum.

3. Recent developments

Currently, there is no specific and comprehensive legislation governing the relationship between landlord and tenants in Malaysia. The applicable laws governing tenancy are National Land Code 1965, Contracts Act 1950, Specific Relief Act 1950, Civil Law Act 1956 and Distress Act 1951. Recently however, it was reported that the government is contemplating to enact a new Residential Rent Act which may include the setting up of a tribunal to resolve disputes between landlords and tenants and the setting up of a national tenancy database and a public register for landlords. This is a welcomed move and a space to watch.